INTRODUCTION:

Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Fig. 1) – a herbaceous perennial with a short many-headed rhizome, passing into a thick rod root of the Lamiaceae family; distributed in the Russian Federation in Primorye, Priamurye, Transbaikalia, also grows in Mongolia and northern China, Korea.^1,2

Figure 1: Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi).

In the Russian Federation, pharmacopoeial article 42-453-91 regulated the quality of crude herbal drugs – the roots of Scutellariae baicalensis or Scutellariae baicalensis radix. Tincture was obtained from S. baicalensis roots, which was used as a hypotensive agent for hypertension and as a sedative for cardiovascular neurosis. A monograph on the S. baicalensis roots is included in the European Pharmacopoeia 10^th Edition.³ The raw material base in the Russian Federation is represented by wild-growing and cultivated plants.

The aim of the study was to conduct a complete pharmacognostic review of the S. baicalensis roots and to evaluate prospects for creating drugs based on its extract.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

For obtaining comprehensive data for the chemical composition of S. baicalensis roots, extracts, main compound and its pharmacological, instrumental analysis different electronic sources and databases were analyzed. They are Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, E-Library, search engines (Google Scholar); we have analyzed all available sources.

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS:

S. baicalensis is one of the most widely used medicinal plants of traditional Chinese medicine. Its roots (Huangqin) are used as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial agents in the treatment of infections of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. It is used to detoxify, lower total cholesterol and blood pressure.⁴ Huangqin is officially registered in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.⁵

The underground parts of S. baicalensis contain flavonoids (up to 10%): baicalein (up to 5%), baicalin (up to 9%), scutellarin, hydrolyzed into glucuronic acid, and aglycones: baicalein and scutellarein, oroxylin, wogoside up to 4%, wogonin up to 0.7%, etc .; tannins (up to 2.5%); essential oil; resins, steroids (sitosterol, stigmasterol, etc.), coumarins.^1,6

Biologically active compounds (BAC) from the S. baicalensis root exhibit quite diverse pharmacological effects. A large number of studies are devoted to the study of the biological activity of S. baicalensis. BAC affect the central nervous system (show sedative, hypotensive, anticonvulsant effects), are useful for the liver (show hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity), reduce inflammation processes, inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses), have a cytotoxic effect on various tumor cell lines and others.^7-32 Baikalin, baikalein, oroxylin A and wogonin are the main biologically active compounds of S. baicalensis (Fig. 2).

Figure 2: Main biologically active compounds (flavonoids) of S. baicalensis.

It is noteworthy that S. baicalensis extracts exhibit a wide spectrum of antiviral activity, including H1N1³³, ZIKA³⁴, DENV³⁵ and HIV³⁶. In addition, in a retrospective multicenter study it was confirmed that extracts of S. baicaleinsis have more pronounced antiviral effects and greater clinical efficacy than ribavirin.³⁷ Several preparations based on extracts as well as individual compounds derived from S. baicalensis are officially approved in China for the treatment of viral infections: “Baicalein” (for the treatment of hepatitis in capsules) and “Huangqin” (for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in tablets). In China, the production of skullcap root extract on an industrial scale is organized. Most of the biologically active compounds in S. baicaleinsis are flavonoids; these include baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A.³⁸It has also been reported that flavonoids from other plants have some inhibitory effect on SARS and MERS-CoV 3CLpro.^39,40Many flavones have similar activities, such as morin (2’,3,4’5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid found most commonly in guava, almonds, onion, strawberry, kiwi and also has antiviral properties.^41,42

The work⁴³ studied the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of 70% ethanol extract of S. baicalensis and its components. It was found that the ethanol extract of S. baicalensis inhibits the activity of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro, and the most active ingredient, baicalein, exhibits an IC50 of 0.39 μM. In addition, the ethanolic extract of S. baicalensis effectively inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in cell experiments. When carrying out molecular docking, the inhibitory activity of the components of the S. baicalensis extract was established. Baicalein binds well at the binding site of the substrate SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro with its 6-OH and 7-OH-groups; a hydrogen bond is formed with the carbonyl group L141 and the basic amide group G143. In addition, the carbonyl group of baicalein is linked to the main amide group E166. Catalytic residues (residues that make up the catalytic center) H41 and C145 are completely blocked by baicalein, which explains its inhibitory effect. Since the 7-OH group in baicalin is in close contact with the protein, there may not be enough space for glycosyl modification, which explains the low activity of baicalin.

Using RT-qPCR, it was found that S. baicalensis extract and baicalein inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells. An ethanol extract of S. baicalensis effectively inhibited the development of the virus with an EC50 of 0.74 μg/ml with low cytotoxicity (SI> 675.68). Baicalein inhibits SARS-CoV2 replication with an EC50 of about 17.6 μM and a SI> 2.8. The high activity of the crude S. baicalensis extract in antiviral assay implies that it can also interact with other viral or host targets in addition to inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro⁴³. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro activity (inhibition of 3C-like protease in vitro) of S. baicalensis and its ingredients (baicalein) was proved. And therapeutic effects of baicalein for the treatment of COVID-19 in vivo and in vitro was discussed and identified.^44-47

Baicalin and baicalein have pronounced antiviral properties; research in the technology of their isolation is urgent. It is known from the literature that the type of extractant, temperature and extraction time have a very strong effect on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the obtained extract.^48-50 This is due to the presence of an active enzyme beta-glucuronidase in the cells of the skullcap root, which, when wetted with an extractant containing water, begins to actively hydrolyze baicalin to its aglycone (baicalein) and glucuronic acid.⁵¹ Researchers from Belgorod State University studied the kinetics of baicalin hydrolysis during its extraction from S. baicalensis roots using 43 and 72% ethanol. It was found that the reaction of baicalin hydrolysis is described by the first-order kinetic equation lnC = f (t); the half-life of baicalin in 43% ethanol is 4.6 ± 0.5 hours, in 72% ethanol – 42.3 ± 1.8 hours. The values of the half-life of baicalin show that to obtain an extract with a maximum baicalin content and a minimum baicalein content, it is advisable to use the fast extraction technology (within 1-2 hours), as well as to use 70–80%. To isolate baicalein, infusion should be applied for at least 12 hours and 30-60% ethanol should be used.⁵² Further studies of enzymatic hydrolysis (HG-5 enzyme) during the extraction of baicalin are carried out and important for determining optimal extraction process.⁵³

The most suitable dosage form for the herbal extract based on S. baicalensis roots is a hard gelatin capsule. They provide a gentle technological mode (it is possible to encapsulate the extract unchanged without adding a significant amount of auxiliary substances, without subjecting it to wet granulation, heat, pressure, etc.).

Various HPLC procedures can be used to assess the quality of extracts and to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters of baicalin and baicalein. Thus, an HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of baicalin, baicalein, oroxylin A, and wogonin in rat plasma. Liquid extraction was carried out with 2- (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychromen-4-one as an internal standard. Chromatographic conditions were as follows: Atlantis C₁₈ column, isocratic mobile phase (methanol and 0.1% formic acid – 60:40, v / v), analysis time – 7 min. Analytes were detected using tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode.⁵⁴

There are also a number of techniques developed for pharmacokinetic studies.^55-60 An HPLC-UV technique with isocratic elution was developed for the simultaneous determination of baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and wogonoside. Chromatographic analysis was carried out on a YMC Pack Pro C₈ column (150 × 4.6 mm, 2,3 μm) with a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid: acetonitrile (70: 30, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and UV detection at 280 nm. This method has been successfully applied for the analysis of marker compounds and for quality control of the extract of S. baicalensis roots.⁶¹ There are also other effective procedures for HPLC-UV^62-63 and HPLC-MS^64-65 analysis of these flavonoids in S. baicalensis root extracts.

At the moment, many issues related to the use of S. baicalensis root extract remain under development and discussion. It is necessary to create up-to-date regulatory documentation that would allow assessing the quality of both medicinal plant raw materials and preparations based on it. This fact is confirmed by studies from various countries that are engaged in pharmacognostic studies of medicinal plant materials.^66-78

CONCLUSION:

It should be noted that the development of the technology of hard gelatin capsules with S. baicalensis root extract produced from imported or Russian origin raw materials seems to be very relevant. Capsules with dry ethanol (30-60%) extract with a high content of baicalein can be proposed as an effective drug for the prevention and treatment of coronavirus infection. Many variants of HPLC methods have been developed and validated both for assessing the quality of the extract itself and for conducting pharmacokinetic studies. They can be successfully used in the control of these dosage forms.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:

None.

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTIONS:

Authors contributed equally to this work.

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Received on 16.03.2021 Revised on 14.02.2025

Accepted on 09.12.2025 Published on 13.01.2026

Available online from January 17, 2026

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(1):33-37.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00005

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